Educational Policies in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Educational Policies in Britain - Essay Example Copyright Higher Education Statistics Agency Ltd. 2005 From HESA, accessed 2006-04-26 Data for figure 6.5 Students' expenditure by type, 2002/03 England & Wales Percentages Living costs 68 Housing costs 19 Participation costs 14 Source: Student Income and Expenditure Survey, South Bank University 1997 1998 1999 2000 Current expenditure /98 /99 /00 /01 Universities .. .. .. .. Other Higher, Further and adult education .. .. .. .. Higher Education Funding Council 5,693 4,726 5,166 5,813 Further Education Funding Council 3,718 5,064 5,216 5,167 2001 Continuing Education 1,960 .. .. .. /02 Other education expenditure 1,355 4,611 4,278 3,861 .. .. .. 5,813 5,628 5,167 6,810 .. .. 3,861 3,989 From HESA, accessed 2006-04-26 The government expenditure on education in terms of higher education funding has remained stable since 1997 receiving up to 5628millions in 2001-2002. Comparatively further education funding council received funding of 6810 million and other education expenditure of the government was at 3,989 million (HESA, 2006). Percentage of students opting for loans seems to have risen considerably and the data show that students seeking funding have risen from 41% in 1992-93 to 64% in 1997-1998. The table below shows the percentage of students who depend on funding for external or state sources, loans or grants 1992-93 41 1993-94 47 1994-95 55 1995-96 59 1996-97 62 1997-98 64 From HESA, accessed 2006-04-26 The tables that we have considered could be analyzed comparatively for government expenditure against student requirements. As we see from the statistical data on student... The government expenditure on education in terms of higher education funding has remained stable since 1997 receiving up to 5628millions in 2001-2002. Comparatively further education funding council received funding of 6810 million and other education expenditure of the government was at 3,989 million (HESA, 2006). Percentage of students opting for loans seems to have risen considerably and the data show that students seeking funding have risen from 41% in 1992-93 to 64% in 1997-1998. The table below shows the percentage of students who depend on funding for external or state sources, loans or grants The tables that we have considered could be analyzed comparatively for government expenditure against student requirements. As we see from the statistical data on student expenditure, student borrowing, financial requirements and expenditure have gone up considerably since 1992-93 when borrowing for instance was only at 41% compared with 1997-98 with at least 64% of students depending on external funding. The chart on student expenditure shows living costs and education costs at 68% of total expenditure for students.

Job description and person specification Essay Example for Free

Job description and person specification Essay A job description is a document that lists the main tasks, duties and responsibilities required in the job place. At Woodbridge high school job descriptions are present for every job from caretaker to the head teacher post. The following are the main features of a job description. Job title for example head of department Job location at WHS in Woodford green Essex Nature of the organisation, WHS is a secondary school Lists of main tests Standard expected Pay and other benefits Promotion The person to whom the job hold reports to, at WHS the head of department will report to senior management team. Who the job hold is in charge of, head of department will be in charge of subject teachers working in that department. The job description is important to WHS as they use it for appraisals, identification of training needs for WHS staff and pay determination. With out this document WHS would not get the right candidates for the job which in turn will affect there performance, or might lead to a lot of resources being wasted on training. Person specification This document sets out the qualities of an ideal person for the job. The format of a person specification is based on Rogers 7-point plan. This plan requires WHS to distinguish between essential and desirable qualities under each of the seven headings. 1. Physique, health and appearance, this includes grooming, looks, dress sense, voice, hearing and eyesight as well as general health matters. Due to safety issues WHS might not employ staff if they have HIV/AIDS. 2. Attainments, this includes educational qualification. At WHS all teachers are required to have degrees the school will not employ any teaching staff who does not hold a degrees in a stain subject. 3. General intelligence, organisation such as WHS uses IQ tests and by assessing general reasoning ability of the candidates WHS can estimate the IQ of the candidate. 4. Special aptitudes, this section includes skills with words, with numbers, with musical instruments and with artistic technique. WHS needs people with such skills; this improves the schools results performance. 5. Interests, WHS would like to know whether the candidates are intellectual or practical or social or a mixture of them all. WHS would prefer to employ some one with a mixture of them all because of being a mixed culture school. 6. Disposition, this is an assessment of the persons acceptability by other staff, leadership qualities, the persons emotional stability and self-reliance. 7. Circumstances these are factors such as age, whether applicant is single or married, mobile or not. Evaluation of the job descriptions/ person specification Administrative assistant This job description is very brief it lists the job title as administrative assistant for Woodbridge high school. It lists the name of the organisation but does not list its location and there is No address for the applicants to send the application to if they were to apply. It lists the main duties and the person whom the applicant reports to as the director of administrative service. But still the job description does not provide potential applicants with the all the information that it should provide. In fact this job description would not receive any applicants applying for the job simply because there is no address to which application forms are to be sent. The job description does not provide information about pay and benefits, hours the applicant will be working and does not give aims and objectives that the person should be aiming for. The JD does not talk about the purpose and does not give any conduct details. WHS could improve this job description by providing a brief outline of what WHS does this will give the potential applicant an idea of what to expect if he is employed. The document should does not list a point of contact, it does not tell the applicant who he/she will be responsible for and it does not have a deadline for the application forms. WHS could also provide pay and other benefits and promotion prospects, if WHS give this information on there Job description they are more likely to get many people applying for job because applicants would know how much the job is going to pay and what promotion prospects are involved. Promotion prospects are very important because most people dont want to get stack in one career level not moving on. With the shortage of staff to work in school in London east this job description would not get very many applicants applying for job because it does not provide the most important information that applicants look for. The person specification does not give potential applicants the right/ clear level of qualifications required; it states that a good level of general education is required. Different people will understand this in different ways. WHS should give the applicant clear qualification levels that the job will require. It states what they will gain and learn from the post. It does not mention any thing about physique, health or attainments. Nothing concerning ages and sex of the person required has been stated. The person specification needs a lot of adjustments as its very brief and does not give applicants the information they need to know for this job as an administrative assistant. Teacher of drama (CPS) The job descriptions provides the applicant with the most relevant information for the job for example job title, purpose of the job, principles duties and responsibilities, and general duties. It also states to who the teacher will be reporting to. But it does not provide the most important information that every potential applicant will be looking like the objectives and aims of the job. For example most applicants will be interested in how much they will be earning/ salary which the job description does not show. It does not show promotion prospects of the job which applicants are interested in as they would want to know what will happy in the future if say they got the job would there be a chance of being promoted to a higher post or are they going to be stack in the same position for ever. Because WHS did not provide this information it might discourage applicants to apply for the post leaving WHS with no one to cover the post. It also does not talk about the aims and objectives of the job and number of hours to be worked. In future WHS should provide a brief outline of what it does, pay and other benefits, and promotion prospects this might lead to more people applying for the post. Also WHS would mainly need to give an address to which the applicants will send the application forms, because with no address the job description is useless as no one can apply for the job because they dont know were the organisation is located and to whom they should send application forms. The person specification for the teacher of drama lists clearly the qualification required; it states what experience the applicants must have and the abilities. However the person specification could have been improved to provide physique, health and appearance requirements that the job might require. This person Specification should be adjusting to include skills and knowledge need for the post. Deputy headteacher-development-LI7+O.L.A. The job description provides the applicants with information about the nature of the job. What the job involves, its purpose, job title, principal duties and responsibilities, to whom the applicant will be reporting to and who the applicant is responsible for. Though this document provides most of the relevant information about the nature of job however this document would not attract very many applicants because WHS has missed some of the most important information the applicants would most be interested in e.g. pay and working conditions. WHS should provide information about the location of the job/ WHS; they should also give a brief outline of what WHS does. The job description should state the aims and objectives of the job on offer, and hour that need to be worked. It does not state whether the post is full-time, part-time, temporary or permanent. WHS could improve their job description by adding information about pay/ salary per year and other benefits that the job will offer for the applicants. Applicants will also be interested in promotion prospects; they will want to know what will happy in the future for example would there be a chance of promotion after a stain number of years working for WHS. As in all the documents WHS does not give point of contact and address to which application forms are to be sent, this causes problems as applicants wont know were to send the application forms. The person specification lists qualifications and experience required however it does not provide information with regard to the ideal person for the job for example it does not provide information about physique, health and appearance, general intelligence, interests and special aptitudes. It does not give any contact numbers for contact. All the above job description and person specifications are brief and dont not provide any form of contact details e.g. addresses or telephone numbers which are vital for the application forms to be sent back to. They dont tell the applicants of the location of the job, so applicants dont know how far to travel and what travel costs might be acquired. The job descriptions and person specifications need a lot of improvement e.g. contact details, pay and benefits, hours worked, and promotional prospects if they are to attract any body to apply for the posts.

Competition in the global markets

Competition in the global markets Executive Summary This report provides a critical evaluation of the Innovative Strategies of the organizations, which they are adopting in order to compete in Global Environment. Starting with the definition, including innovation as part of an organisation, the report moves on to discuss key methods and applications which ekes the process of innovation in an organisation. Further, the report highlights the key managerial qualities and parameters like leadership and decision making systems of the organisation which support the successful process of innovation. The report also contains a brief analysis of British Airways investigating the innovative strategies practiced in the organization that determine the level of competition, and consequently, the level of profit in an industry. Introduction: The organizations worldwide face a number of challenges due to the increasing intensity of competition in the global markets. However what best they can do is to find out and research the new ways of step ahead of their competitors hence upon getting the much-needed knowledge, base their theories and strategies in a much more effective and efficient manner. The internal and external environment of the organisations has undergone rapid and extensive change in last three decades. This change adaptation or innovation has been a moot issue, as the researchers want to explore all the dimensions of the phenomenon. Innovation is the most exciting technique one must adapt in a business because it gives the chance to put all new skills to work. Exposure to innovation alters the way one looks at businesses. Innovative thinking involves a comprehensive analysis of a business in relation to its industry, its competitors, and the business environment in both the short- and the long-term. Ultimately, innovative strategy is a companys plan to achieve its goals (Kandampully, 2002; pp. 18-26) Innovative organization is defined by Baraà ±ano as â€Å"the integrated set of managerial and organisational elements which work together to create and reinforce the kind of milieu stimulating successful technological innovation.† (Baraà ±ano) Organisational innovation is the process of introducing substantial changes in the structure and processes of organization. Organisation plays an important role in the successful process of Innovation and its implementation, as explained by the OECD [O]ne key element of innovation is organisation. †¦ Organisation is essentially a process for the gathering, management and use of information, and for the implementation of decisions based on such information. Such processes have a strong intangible dimension, but taken together they make up the learning capacity of the firm and as such are a central element in innovation capability. These are specific institutional rules of the game which regulate possible modes of organisation on a broad level. (OECD, 1997: 43) In order to undertake successful innovation process it is important to keep the organistaion in tact with the change process. The culture and business values of the organization should also be changed. It is important because in many organizations the technological innovations could not fulfill the expectations of the management because the organizational practices failed to eke the successful adaptation of change. An innovative organization must have a clear mission and predetermined performance objectives in order to save the employees from pursuing their own ends and justifying their actions by claiming of being innovative. In order to undertake the process of innovation in controlled and effective way it is important for each and every member of the organisation to have clear understanding of organisational goals. The employees can be included in the process by providing them with the independence to create and implement different techniques to achieve organisational goals. To make the most of the innovation process it is essential that the organisation must provide an explicit statement of goals. The mission statement of an organisation provides the broader perspective of what the organisation is aiming to achieve in future on the other hand the operational goals define the ways the organisation will undertake to achieve these objectives. The operational goals set performance targets in shape of time for the organisation which can also be used as the performance evaluation technique for the organisation. Mission and goals of an organisation sets the direction of innovation. Innovation in isolation has no value. Its the success of innovation in achieving he organisational goals which makes it valuable. In the same context the success of innovative organisations can only be judged by the evaluation of the success of innovation in achieving the organisational goals. Creating an innovative organization requires a clear understanding of mission and goals so that individual innovations can be examined to see whether and how much they actually contribute to achieving the organizations purposes. Innovative organizations are not trying to be innovative. Rather, they are trying to achieve purposes. Successful innovations involves a number a people rather than relying on an individual. It is impossible for an individual to convert an innovative idea into a functioning innovation without the support of all the people from all the organisational hierarchies. The participation from all levels of organisation makes the innovation possible by fitting the initial idea into the operational realities and organizational environment. As mentioned by Tidd et al. (1997) that No single element in isolation is likely to be effective, and no single tool or technique however fashionable, will create and sustain an innovative environment. (Tidd et al., 1997: 332) He basic unit Hence it can be said that innovation is a team effort and it should be regarded as a basic unit of performance for most organizations (Katzenbach and Smith , 1993; 27). Teams of mechanics, not individual mechanics, repair and maintain airplanes and sanitation trucks. Teams of social workers, not individual social workers, find jobs for welfare recipients. Teams of people, not individual employees, actually produce the organizations results. Among the findings of the innovators advantage are several that highlight the ways innovative companies differ from less-innovative companies in dealing with their customers. In creation of compatibility towards the difficult economy innovative companies have managed it by the by rethinking process. In reaction to the economic and market conditions in the past years, Fifty Four percent of very innovative companies, compared with just 29 percent of non-innovative or less innovative companies, have significantly re-evaluated and altered their marketing and sales strategies. Innovative organizations depend, by definition, upon the ideas of everyone from chief executive to frontline worker. Yet if the frontline workers believe that the differences in hierarchical status reflect not only differences in responsibilities but also differences in how their ideas are judged, they will keep these ideas to themselves. No one wants to be told that an idea is silly or to have an idea ignored. So rather than risk embarrassment, frontline workers will simply keep their mouths shut. If the leaders of an organization silence their frontline workers mouths, they also turn off these workers minds. The Organisations has an informal hierarchy. The operational issue is how much these hierarchies affect the behavior of the individuals, particularly those on the lower rungs in the organization. Does the hierarchy intimidate people from offering suggestions? Does it prevent people from recommending solutions? If a team is to work together to solve a problem, everyone must feel free to contribute; every member of the team must feel that his or her contribution will be valued. The members of the team also need a shared sense of accountability (Katzenbach and Smith 1993, 32). They will never feel that they are sharing accountability if they perceive major differences in status. To be innovative is to take responsibility for improving performance. Hierarchical organizations create not only differentials in status but also differentials in responsibility. To create an innovative organization requires making these hierarchical differences as unimportant as possible (Lawler 1988). Innovative companies are more eager to use technology to help in improving their customer relationship management. There is 3:1 ratio between the very innovative companies and non-innovative companies who have implemented a customer relationship management system (54 percent versus 15 percent), and the more innovative companies have also used the facilities of sales system which is more than twice as likely as non-innovative companies. These systems are very valuable to the innovative companies as they undoubtedly got the true benefits by its use. Procurement becomes even more complicated for a global leader like British Airways (BA) with 337 aircraft in service and operations in 165 cities in 96 different countries. BAs procurement process had become increasingly complex with global expenditures of approximately US$6.5 billion going to more than 30,000 suppliers globally. BA thought that it might be possible to better control this complex process, reduce costs and achieve greater efficiency in their purchasing processes. BA also recognized that eCommerce and electronic procurement (eProcurement) could offer the company significant benefits. BA turned to Accenture to evaluate the situation and help them improve their processes and leverage eProcurement opportunities. Accenture and BA initially identified a potential purchase cost reduction of approximately US$260 million or 5% of their annual expenditures that could be realized through the smarter procurement of goods and services across the BA network within two years. Customer relationship management innovations have greatly improved business performance. The following illustrates how the use of technology in customer relationship management can result in improvising business performance. Accenture has identified three major techniques in the customer relationship management are that many leading organizations are using in improvising their financial performance, produce competitive benefits, and increase the demand for their products and services vigorously. As the customers grow in number, their demands are also a never ending fiasco. In this regard every company should understand the customer behaviour very well. Their likings, behaviour, buying capacity, preferred delivery channels, all this should be recorded and each customer should be treated accordingly. This all has become possible with the support of Information Technology as it has become simple to accumulate the data containing these insights, but unfortunately the data has never been used to its full potential. In fact even today many organizations are lacking the integrated view of their customers. In most of the companies, all the customers are not created equally, some are more profit generating than others and some may cause losses to the company. Leading companies are emphasizing on aligning the sales and service resources according to customers statistical data that how much contribution he has provided to the company in the essence of value and profit. Many of the marketing executives have clearly understood that todays customers have a great recognition to varieties and have more challenging behaviour than ever before. Still today many marketing departments are following old practices of to approach and convince their targeted public. In fact, the major typical marketing companies are still lacking the advantages of technology changes that are enhancing other business tasks, such as production, sales, supply chain, inventory, accounts, education, human resource etc (Alison David, 2005). The use of Technology in planning is imperative as it is a strategic tool and has to be powerfully incorporated with the overall business plan. There are various key business challenges faced by the company such as increase in production, reduce costing, enhance business opportunities, regularizing the processes, streamlining collaboration between workers and wherever required, a technology or Internet-based solution these challenges should be provided (Linda Hughes). Furthermore, if a company has an ideal technology plan it will have a strong base for growth through the internet. This includes e-commerce, a new and modern way of doing business that will provide another innovative way of business activities such as sales, distribution and marketing (Butler, 1993). Thus the requirement of a technology plan is immense. In todays world where internet economy is booming, the internet economy is making technology planning a critical business tool. For all the obvious benefits of technology plans, few small and growing businesses have them. However, today numerous emerging business drivers are forcing companies of all sizes, in all industries, to prepare for integrating the Internet into nearly every aspect of their daily operations due to the growing competition, increasing cost pressures and collaboration of businesses with partners. Finding and keeping good employees is becoming a strategic advantage. In a tight labour market, a strong technology foundation provides tools for finding and keeping the best employees, a key competitive advantage. And, growing through technology can be more cost efficient than increasing staff. Increasing customer expectations is another factor as he wants to get all the facilities such as shopping, buying, banking, entertainment, news, sports etc., any time, day or night, on demand. The business should have a well equipped setup to accommodate this new standard for continuous accessibility and instant response. The improvement in productivity has been very effective and most economists attribute this largely to technological advances. Though to enable the employees to communicate and collaborate more efficiently and to streamline all the processes the technology must be deployed very intelligently. New business models are allowing the customers to take charge as they are able to decide what information they receive, when and where to travel, even how much to pay. Technology planning can position the business to leverage this development to develop lasting customer relationships. We may conclude that technology innovation and implementation is such an advantage and choosing an appropriate hardware and software that can impeccably insert users or sustain new technologies and further applications should be a major part of the companys long term planning. Innovative organization creation is a task of innovation itself which has been successfully undertaken by the management of British Airways Creating an innovative public agency is, itself, a task of innovation. Each innovative organization will be different. It will be pursuing different purposes. Or it will be pursuing them in a different organizational context, within a different political environment, or within different legal constraints. There is no recipe for replicating an innovation. Similarly, there is no recipe for replicating the innovative organizations mentioned here. Moreover, there may be many different ways to convert a moribund organization into an innovative one. There may well be another set of hints (that includes the hint about creating mission and goals) that may, in some contexts, prove equally effective. Leadership is not like physics. In physics, the acceleration of an object is always equal to the force on it divided by its mass. You cannot get different answers in physics; you always get precisely the same one. References Ahuja K. (2005) Strategic Management. Kalyani Publishers. Calcutta.Pp 425-775 Johnson, G, Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy Enhanced media edition, Harlow: Prentice Hall Barr, Pamela S. (2000). When Firms Change Direction. Oxford University Press Baraà ±ano, Anna, M., (The Non-Technological Side Of Technological Innovation: State-Of-The-Art And Further Empirical Research Buhalis, D., (2004).eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry Information Management, Volume 41, Issue 7, September 2004, Pages 805-825 Foss, Nicolai J. (2005). Strategy, Economic Organization, and the Knowledge Economy: The Coordination of Firms and Resources. Oxford University Press Case Study:Accenture And British Airways, Global Reach, Global Challenges, retrieved as on 3/11/2009 from http://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/A527609A-0C78-460B-A447-6D97DCCCCD51/0/british_airways.pdf Gary D. Kissler, (2001). E-leadership, Organizational Dynamics, Volume 30, Issue 2, November 2001, pp. 121-133 GovLeaders.org, (1997). Creating an Innovative Organization: Ten Hints for Involving Frontline Workers, retrieved as on 3/12/2009 from http://govleaders.org/behn_innovation3.htm Dimitrios Buhalis and Maria Cristina Licata, (2002). The future eTourism intermediaries, Tourism Management, Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-220 Kandampully, J., (2002). Innovation as the core competency of a service organisation: the role of technology, knowledge and networks, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 5, (1), pp. 18-26 Tidd, J.; Bessant, J. Pavitt, K. (1997) Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organisational change. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons

the cathedral :: essays research papers

At a glance Carver’s writing style of the â€Å"Cathedral† seems simple but after further interpretation of the story one realizes that the â€Å"Cathedral† is about the interactions and epiphanies that regular people have that changes their entire life. This idea is perfectly represented at the end of the â€Å"Cathedral†, throughout the story the husband knew nothing about blind people and wondered how can they live their life without being able to see. He continually made references to the effect of how can he be married and not be able to see his wife, if she had makeup purple slacks and so on he would never know. At the end of the story the husband became closer to the blind man through the drawing exercise and when he asked him to close his eyes so the husband was able to â€Å"see† things as the blind man saw them he realized that being blind wasn’t that bad it was just a different type of life style. Because Carver writes about simpl e commonplace situations this makes the story more affective to the average person. Topics such as loss and drug and alcohol use are things that almost everyone can relate to because it affects almost everyone’s life in one facet or another. Because this is the concentration of Carvers story it allows more people enjoy and relate to the stories; this also leaves the story for more personal interpretation. Each person has their own thoughts about drugs, alcohol and loss and because of these feeling the interpretation of the story is left up to the reader. The husband was amazed at the blind mans ability to smoke a cigarette and eat food as well as he was able to. These are all commonplace objects and task that many people would believe that the blind would have trouble with, but this stereotype was quickly done away with once they began to eat and smoke. Carver is defiantly an optimist, he believes in the ability for people to change and be more acceptable of people that are different, and disabled.

Network Security And Its General Challenges Information Technology Essay

Network security is by and large considered as giving protection for the organisation by maintaining far from the hackers. Information security chiefly focuses on protecting the informations resource from malware onslaughts or simple errors which are done by people in administration with aid of DLP techniques. Information security means protecting information from the unauthorized users, the two footings information security and computing machine security and information confidence which are frequently used otherwise. These all Fieldss which are interrelated and portion some common ends of protecting confidentiality, unity and handiness. Governments, corporations, military, infirmaries, fiscal establishments, and some private concerns. Huge sum of confidential information about all their specific employees, merchandises, clients and research. All these information will be collected with processed and shop computing machines and besides can be transmitted across all other web.protecting confidential information is really of import in concern demand and in all instances an ethical and legal demand should be done. The cyberspace adventurer has thrall down to one and many security exposures and some of these exposures like spyware, computing machine viruses and adware are made possible by exploitable mistakes and bugs in the architecture of internet adventurer. The mistakes may be as Spyware which is installed in computing machines in which of import information will be copied without our cognition and this sort of malware is really difficult to observe. Adware as good is one of malwares which is in the signifier of advertizement on computing machine when you are downloading anything on the system.lastly Computer virus is one of the viruses which are created by computing machine itself. Software security is most of import for consumers, sellers because aggressors that create onslaughts even may do reasonably big consecutive effects and when all these onslaughts has been discovered so required package is sold for the consumers depending on the exposures. Decision: As tonss of information available at web services i.e. World Wide Web and these are successful in supplying services to all the user with the aid of web security that provides all the benefits of utilizing a safe web entree and uninterrupted informations transmittal between both the terminal devices. Machine surviving has been changed because of addition of internet population It figures out, all the relevant information sing the user at client side and hints out web sites accessed during the web session.

Explain ‘Natural Moral Law’ Essay

Natural Law can be traced back into the Ancient Greek and Roman worlds. In Sophocles’ play ‘Antigone’, Natural Law is very apparent throughout and the writings of the Greek Philosopher; Aristotle. In his works – ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ – he wrote; â€Å"The natural is that which is everywhere, is equally valid, and depends not upon being or not being received†¦that which is natural is unchangeable, and has the same power everywhere.’ The Ancient Stoics emphasised the importance of Logos, or rationality, that governs the world and sees human nature as one natural order. They considered natural law as a law of ‘right reason’. In his letter to the Romans, St Paul wrote about a law that is ‘written in the hearts’ of Gentiles. It is therefore clear that throughout the ancient world, although there is differing terminology, there seems to have been a consensus over the existence of a natural moral law, which dictated the rightness or wrongness of an action that was not dependent upon the laws created by society. St. Thomas Aquinas developed a fuller account of this ‘natural law’ in the thirteenth century. This theory is both deontological and absolutist and so his resulting work is focused upon the ethicacy of actions. In his work ‘Summa Theologica’, Aquinas described natural law as a moral code, which exists within the purpose of nature and was created by God. He says that it is present in every human being. Natural Law exists to aid humans, directing their actions in such away that they might meet their eternal destiny. He argued that there was a basic law, from which all the other natural laws derived. This was to pursue good and avoid evil. For Aquinas, both the intention and the act are important, this is because his theory is based on a mainly deontological view. The only end that he values is God as He is intrinsically good. He believed that acts are intrinsically good or bad because when human beings act in accordance with their ultimate purpose, God is glorified. Aquinas followed the line of thought that human beings are intelligent and therefore should be able to direct him or herself, this therefore meaning that they can take responsibility for knowing and doing  what God intends for them. Whether or not an act leads towards God depends on whether it fits the purpose that humans were made for. For Thomas Aquinas, the main purpose of human life is to preserve the self and the innocent, to reproduce, worship God, acquire knowledge and live in ordered society.. He names these the primary precepts – acts that are in accordance with these precepts are good and those, which do not, are bad. He also names them the secondary precepts – which are rulings about things that we should or should not do because they uphold a primary precept. The theory of Natural Law as put forward by Aquinas, is based upon the religious view that God created the world, establishing in it a sense of order and purpose, which is a direct representation of His will. In the natural law approach to ethics, the action itself can either be natural or unnatural, and is judged on that basis. It does not depend for its moral law justification upon any results. Therefore, according to natural law, an action can be deemed good in itself, even if it brings about suffering. In conclusion, Natural Moral Law enables to establish rules in order to structure a community. It gives a concrete reason to be moral and a firm basis from which to refuse to step over moral boundaries. It provides justification and support for certain core ideas and it judges actions, irrespective of consequences. Natural Moral Law isn’t just simply a set of rules, but a way of living. It gives guidance on everyday questions on how to live and links them to the fundamental principles of life. It provides a complete system of moral living in step with what it is to be human.